Coinfection between the two different lineages was found, a finding previously not reported for avian schistosomes 5. represents an important intermediate host for avian schistosomes in South America, constituting a reservoir de schistosomes with zoonotic potential 4. Thus, a total of four different lineages of avian schistosomes are related to Chilina spp. Cercaria chilinae I y II are proposed as a synonymous of Lineage II. Two different lineages (Lineage I and II) were described and molecularly characterized (28S and COI genes) 2. This study provides new information on Neotropical schistosomes, highlighting the need for major research on these neglected trematodes, which are considered to be emerging/re-emerging parasites in other parts of the globe as consequence of anthropogenic disturbances and climatic change. The morphology and phylogenetic analyses of 28S and COI genes stated two lineages, different from Trichobilharzia, shared with Argentina. All snails were stimulated for the shedding of furcocercariae, but only Chilina dombeyana (Chilinidae) from the Biobío region was found to be parasitized. Thus, a total of 2283 freshwater snails from different families were collected from three different regions. The aim of this study was to identify the furcocercariae of avian schistosomes from Southern Chile using an integrative approach. However, the identity of such parasites is pending. In Chile, there are only two mentions of these parasites from birds, and one human outbreak was associated to the genus “Trichobilharzia”. Despite its worldwide distribution, its knowledge is fragmentary in the Neotropics, with most of data coming from Argentina and Brazil. Our survey suggests that dermatitis-causing schistosomes are not rare in the southwest, and that there are plenty of opportunities for dermatitis outbreaks to occur in this region.Īvian schistosomes are blood flukes parasitizing aquatic birds and snails, which are responsible for a zoonotic disease known as cercarial dermatitis, a hypersensitive reaction associated to the cutaneous penetration of furcocercariae. These outbreaks are in contrast to those in northern states where schistosomes infecting snails of the family Lymnaeidae are more often responsible for outbreaks. The Colorado outbreak was due to Trichobilharzia brantae, a species transmitted by geese and the snail Gyraulus parvus. The New Mexico outbreak involved either one or two different avian schistosome species, both transmitted by physid snails. We have investigated two cercarial dermatitis outbreaks, one occurring in Stubblefield Lake in northern New Mexico, and one in Prospect Lake in the heart of Colorado Springs, Colorado. As part of our ongoing studies of schistosome diversity, using morphological traits and sequence data to differentiate species, we have thus far identified eight schistosome genetic lineages from snails from New Mexico and Colorado. In south-western USA, this phenomenon has not been well studied, and it is not known which schistosome species are present, or if cercarial dermatitis occurs with any regularity. In North America, most cases are reported from the upper Midwest. Cercarial dermatitis is caused by a complex and poorly known assemblage of schistosome species, and can occur in any location where people come in contact with water bodies harbouring schistosome-infected snails. The parasites typically die in the skin but in some cases may persist and infect other organs. Cercarial dermatitis or swimmer's itch results when cercariae of schistosomes penetrate human skin and initiate inflammatory responses.
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