![]() ![]() The ethical committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences of Hokkaido University approved this study (approval number: 17–103). All participants were verbally informed of the study purposes, protocols, and risks with a written document, and they signed a consent form. Participants wore the same long-sleeved T-shirt, shorts, and shoes during all experiments. The second and third days of the study were at least two days apart. The second day of testing was a week after the incremental exercise test to avoid fatigue. All participants performed each test at the same time of day. Participants were instructed to avoid intensive exercises or drinking alcohol for 24 h before the test period and to not eat meals 2 h before the experimental session. Participants with a body mass index 25.0 kg/m 2 were also excluded because body composition affects temperature changes. Participants with any orthopaedic or neurological diseases were excluded from the study. Įleven male collegiate athletes practicing sports regularly (age, 20.8 ± 1.0 years height, 173.9 ± 4.3 cm weight, 67.9 ± 4.7 kg body mass index, 22.5 ± 1.1 kg/m 2 and maximum oxygen uptake, 54.7 ± 5.0 mL/min) participated. Low-intensity warm-up may lead to an insufficient increase in muscle temperature and a decreased effect on enhancing dynamic movement. Although a consensus has not been reached, warm-up is beneficial and adversely influences subsequent performance, depending on the intensity, duration, and transition time. According to a review by Bishop’s, a time interval of 5–15 min after warm-up is recommended for energy system resynthesis. It is also important to consider the duration of warm-up. Based on the abovementioned information, it is important to understand the effects of warm-up intensities. Furthermore, jump height after 80% VO 2max was higher than that after 60% VO 2max 20 min after the warm-up. Nevertheless, jump height after an 80% VO 2max intensity warm-up increased immediately and 10 and 20 min after the warm-up compared to that before warm-up. ![]() demonstrated that a 60% VO 2max warm-up improved jump height immediately after warm-up but did not increase jump height 10 and 20 min after warm-up. ![]() In a previous study by Bishop, a 60% VO 2max intensity warm-up was found to optimal to improve the performance of short-term tasks with maximal effort. Therefore, increasing muscle temperature with a warm-up is key to potentiating dynamic movement before competitions or training. With a 1 ☌ increase in muscle temperature, short-duration exercise performance improved from 2 to 5%. Vertical jump height increased by 4.0%, whereas knee-extensor isometric torque increased by 2.1% for every 1 ☌ increase in muscle temperature. The power output of pedalling with fast and slow velocity improved by 4.9% and 4.2%, respectively, for every 1 ☌ increase in muscle temperature. It has been shown that increased muscle temperature positively affects physical performance. The “raise phase” increases muscle and body core temperatures. Warm-up is usually performed by targeting four physiological phases (raise, activate, mobilise, and potentiate) and sport-specific drills. MWU changed CMJ height instantly, but the change did not last compared to HWU in a cold environment. The results indicate that HWU achieved an increase in CMJ height for 20 min. HWU significantly increased CMJ height at Post 0 to Post 20 compared to that at Pre ( p < 0.01), whereas MWU increased CMJ height at Post 0 only compared to that at Pre ( p < 0.001). Significant main effects and interactions were found for CMJ height (time, p < 0.001 and η p 2 = 0.859 interaction, p = 0.007 and η p 2 = 0.327). CMJ height, vastus lateralis muscle temperature, heart rate, and perceived fatigue were measured before warm-up (Pre), immediately after (Post 0), 10 min after (Post 10), and 20 min after (Post 20). The participants performed high-intensity warm-up (HWU) at 80% VO 2max and moderate-intensity warm-up (MWU) at 60% VO 2max for 15 min on a bicycle ergometer in a laboratory room at 10 ☌. ![]() Eleven male collegiate athletes volunteered. With this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of different warm-up intensities on counter-movement jump (CMJ) performance over time under cold conditions. ![]()
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